Immune+System

__**Immune System **__ ( Loren) [Cathy] White Blood Cell ( "Life With Father") [Cathy]
 * Body system that fights off infection and pathogens ( Nowicki 945) [Cathy]
 * Relies on physical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes to block out pathogens ( Nowicki 945) [Cathy]
 * However, pathogens can get past the physical barrier, the immune system cells travel through the lymphatic and circulatory to reach infected places ( Nowicki 945) [Cathy]

Phagocyte Proteins Antigen  · It’s a protein marker on the surface of cells and viruses that help the immune system indentify a foreign cell or virus ( Nowicki 951) [Cathy] Passive Immunity Active Immunity Pathogen Types of pathogen
 * Find and kill pathogens that enter the body ( Nowicki 946) [Cathy]
 * Name || Function ||
 * Basophil || Makes chemicals that cause inflammation in the bloodstream ||
 * Mast cell || Makes chemicals that cause inflammation in other body tissues ||
 * Neutrophil || Engulf pathogens and foreign invaders; pagocyte ||
 * Macrophage || Engulfs dead or damaged body cells and some bacteria; phagocyte ||
 * Lymphocyte || Deystroys infected body cells or produces proteins that inactivate pathogens ||
 * Eposinophil || Injects poisonous packets into parasites, such as protozoa ||
 * T lymphocytes (T cells)
 * Destroy body cells that are infected with pathogens ( Nowicki 946) [Cathy]
 * B lymphocytes (B cells)
 * Produce proteins that inactivate pathogens that have not yet infected a body cell ( Nowicki 946) [Cathy][[image:263.jpg width="302" height="404" caption="T cell"]][[image:264.jpg width="193" height="395" caption="B cell"]]  ("The Immune System") [Cathy]
 * A cell that destroys pathogen by surrounding and engulfing them ( Nowicki 946) [Cathy]
 * Complement proteins
 * Made by white blood cells ( Nowicki 946) [Cathy]
 * Some weakened a pathogen’s cell membrane for the water to enter the cell and burst it ( Nowicki 946) [Cathy]
 * Others attract phagocytes to destroy pathogens ( Nowicki 946) [Cathy]
 * Antibodies
 * Made by B cells ( Nowicki 946) [Cathy]
 * Binding to the pathogen’s membrane protein to make it ineffective ( Nowicki 946) [Cathy]
 * Cause pathogens to clump so phagocytes engulf and destroy it easier ( Nowicki 946) [Cathy]
 * Activate complement proteins to weaken the pathogen’s membrane ( Nowicki 946) [Cathy]
 * Interferon
 * Produced by body cells that are infected by a virus ( Nowicki 946) [Cathy]
 * Stimulate uninfected body cells to produce enzymes that will prevent viruses from entering and infecting them ( Nowicki 946) [Cathy]
 * Stimulate uninfected body cells to produce enzymes that will prevent viruses from entering and infecting them ( Nowicki 946) [Cathy]
 * Immunity that occurs without the body's undergoing an immune response ( Nowicki 948) [Cathy]
 * Transferred between generations through DNA and between mother and child ( Nowicki 948) [Cathy]
 * Immunity that your body produces in response to a specific pathogen that has infected or is infecting your body ( Nowicki 948) [Cathy]
 * The term is most often used for agents that disrupt the normal physiology of a multicellular animal or plant ("Pathogen") [Cathy]
 * Pathogens can infect unicellular organisms from all of the biological kingdoms ("Pathogen") [Cathy]
 * Bacteria: single-celled organisms. Causes sickness by releasing chemicals that are toxic to the host or by destroying healthy body cells ( Nowicki 942) [Cathy]
 * Viruses: disease-causing strands of DNA or RNA that are surrounded by protein coats. Viruses enter and take over a healthy cell, forcing it to stop its normal activities and produce more viruses. It can cause flues, colds, and AIDS. ( Nowicki 94) [Cathy]
 * Fungi: multicellular or single-celled organisms. It causes disease by piercing healthy cells and taking the cell’s nutrients. Fungal infections usually occur in places that are warm and damp. ( Nowicki 942) [Cathy]
 * Protozoa: single-celled organisms that prey on other cells. It needs healthy cells to complete their life cycle. It can cause malaria, a blood disease. ( Nowicki 943) [Cathy]
 * Parasites: organism that grow and feed on a host. Some parasites kill the host, while others drain the body’s resources without killing the host. ( Nowicki 943) [Cathy]

Immune System Response

Inflammation  · Occurs when a pathogen enters the body or other tissues get damaged. Basophils release chemical called histamines to response to a pathogen attack. Histamines cause the cells in blood vessel walls to spread out, so the white blood cells can move to the infected places and fight off the pathogens. Then the tissue repairs again. ( Nowicki 950) [Cathy]

Fever  · Macrophages release chemicals that cause the hypothalamus to increase the body’s temperature. Low fever (37.7 C) stimulates to make interferons to prevent viruses’ reproduction. It also increase the rate of white blood cells to mature because only mature cells can fight off pathogens. ( Nowicki 951) [Cathy]

( Castillo) [Cathy]

Memory Cells Cellular Immunity · It’s an immune response that depends on T cells ( Nowicki 952) [Cathy] 1. Phagocytes engulf pathogens and display the pathogens’ antigens on their membrane surface ( Nowicki 952) [Cathy] 2. A T cell binds to the antigen-presenting cell. The antigen-presenting cell activates the T cell ( Nowicki 952) [Cathy] 3. The T cell divides and differentiates into memory and activated cells ( Nowicki 952) [Cathy] 4. The activated T cells bind to infected body cells and cause them to burst ( Nowicki 952) [Cathy]
 * Specialized T and B cells that provide acquired immunity because they "remember" an antigen that has previously invaded your body ( Nowicki 951) [Cathy]
 * When it come across this antigen the next time, it will quickly destroy it before you get sick ( Nowicki 948) [Cathy]

Humoral immunity · It’s an immune response that depends on antibodies ( Nowicki 953) [Cathy] 1. A pathogen binds to an antibody that is in an inactivated B cell’s membrane. The B cell keeps a part of the antigen attached to its antibody ( Nowicki 953) [Cathy] 2. A T cell binds to the trapped antigen fragment and stimulates the B cell ( Nowicki 953) [Cathy] 3. The B cell divides and differentiates into memory B cells and activated B cells ( Nowicki 953) [Cathy] 4. The activated B cells produce antibodies that cause the pathogens to clump ( Nowicki 953) [Cathy] 5. Phagocytes eat the pathogen clumps ( Nowicki 953) [Cathy]

Tissue rejection


 * When someone receives a transplant, leukocytes work against the new organ  . They immediately recognize the  organ  as foreign, and set about to destroy it. More leukocytes are produced to rid the body of the  organ (  Christensen) [Cathy]

Vaccine · It’s a substance that contains the antigen of a pathogen. It causes your immune system to make memory cells. Therefore, you won’t get sick because the pathogen is weakened, it can’t reproduce or attack your cells. It also help your immune system response to the pathogen fast enough to prevent the illness. ( Nowicki 956) [Cathy] ( Goldenring) [Cathy]

HIV

HIV affects T cells Video
 * When HIV enters a T cell, the cell can no longer stimulate an immune response. At that time, HIV remains alive as a host and makes new HIV. One T cell can have thousands of HIV viruses before it dies. However, the body can’t make enough T cells to defense the virus. Therefore, the immune system got weakened and body develops opportunistic infections and AIDS. ( Nowicki 961-2) [Cathy]


 * (Immune system) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HNP1EAYLhOs
 * (Immune system) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90hSVkaOG_w&feature=related
 * (Antibody Immune Response) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrYlZJiuf18&feature=related
 * (HIV cells) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2h0ECyMWhE